THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the main intoxicating compound in cannabis. It binds strongly to CB1 receptors in the brain, which causes the “high”, and it can impair memory and coordination and become habit-forming with heavy use. It is one of more than 100 cannabinoids; CBD, by contrast, is not intoxicating.
THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, is the principal psychoactive compound found in the cannabis plant, responsible for producing the sensation commonly referred to as being “high”. As interest in cannabis continues to grow, whether for medicinal research or recreational use, understanding the role of THC is essential.
It is important to recognise, however, that THC is only one of over 100 cannabinoids identified within the complex chemical structure of the cannabis plant.
Since co-founding Formula Swiss in 2013, I have had to answer one question more than any other: how is THC different from CBD, and how much of it is in our oils? Our broad-spectrum oils are made to a 0% THC specification, and every production batch is tested before release.
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Key takeaways
- THC is the primary psychoactive compound in the cannabis plant, inducing the “high” sensation.
- It is one of over 100 cannabinoids present within cannabis and marijuana, highlighting the plant’s complexity.
- THC’s effects include mood alterations, impaired memory and motor skills, and an altered sense of time.
- Research continues into THC’s broader scientific and botanical properties.
Mechoulam delivering a lecture with the structure of tetrahydrocannabinol displayed behind him, circa 1964. Image courtesy of Zach Klein, from his documentary “The Scientist”.
Introduction to THC
The story of THC discovery begins in the 1960s when the compound was first isolated and synthesised. This important achievement accelerated our understanding of the psychoactive effects of cannabis plants. It paved the way for decades of research into the properties and potential applications of this prominent cannabinoid.
Background and discovery
Israeli scientist Dr. Raphael Mechoulam and his colleague Yehiel Gaoni first isolated THC and described its structure in 1964, changing the way researchers viewed and studied cannabis plants. This marked a critical advancement in decoding the cannabinoids responsible for the “high” sensation individuals experience when using cannabis.
Since then, THC has remained a primary focus for researchers studying its psychoactive properties and broader biological interactions.
The past few decades have seen significant progress in understanding the complexities of THC and its interactions with the human body, including changes in mood, perception and physiological processes. These discoveries have supported ongoing scientific research into THC’s properties and interactions with biological systems.
The chemical structure of THC
THC, scientifically known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is unique in its molecular composition. The US Food and Drug Administration describes delta-9 THC as the component responsible for the “high” people may experience from cannabis, and distinguishes it from the related compound delta-8 THC. The compound’s chemical structure enables it to bind strongly to the brain’s CB1 receptors, accounting for the resulting psychoactive effects.
When THC interacts with the endogenous cannabinoid system, a series of events unfolds, influencing mood, perception and various physiological processes.
“The chemical structure of THC enables it to bind powerfully to the brain’s CB1 receptors, triggering the psychoactive effects characteristic of cannabis.”
Comparing THC with other cannabinoids
Among the many known cannabinoids, THC and CBD (cannabidiol) have attracted the most attention in scientific research. The following table highlights the primary differences between these two compounds.
| Property | THC | CBD |
|---|---|---|
| Psychoactivity | Yes | No |
| CB1 receptor affinity | High | Low |
| Mood and perception alteration | Significant | Minimal |
Synthetic THC-based medicines have been developed under regulated medical plans. Their use is strictly controlled and varies by jurisdiction.
THC and the endocannabinoid system
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) interacts with the body through the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex cell-signalling network present in humans and many animals. The ECS plays a role in regulating various physiological processes, and it includes cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoids naturally produced by the body, and enzymes that break them down.
THC primarily binds to CB1 receptors, which are highly concentrated in areas of the brain associated with memory, mood, perception and coordination. This binding process alters the usual signalling patterns of the ECS, leading to changes in how information is processed within the nervous system. THC’s strong affinity for CB1 receptors is the main reason for the compound’s psychoactive properties.
While CB2 receptors are more commonly found in immune-related tissues, THC also interacts with these receptors to a lesser extent. Its interaction across the ECS can influence a range of responses in the body, depending on factors such as concentration, method of use and individual variation in ECS activity.
What is the endocannabinoid system?
THC and CBD: key differences
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) are two primary cannabinoids naturally occurring in the cannabis plant. While both originate from the same plant species, Cannabis sativa, they differ notably in their chemical structures.
THC binds directly to CB1 receptors in the brain and nervous system, leading to its psychoactive effects. CBD, however, interacts differently, influencing receptor activity without causing psychoactive sensations.
Psychoactive vs. non-psychoactive
One of the most significant differences between THC and CBD is their psychoactive properties. THC is known for producing psychoactive effects, which may alter mood, sensory perception and cognition.
In contrast, CBD is not intoxicating: in 2018, the World Health Organization’s Expert Committee on Drug Dependence found that pure CBD shows no potential for abuse or dependence and does not cause intoxication. This makes CBD appealing to individuals who prefer to avoid psychoactive experiences.
Applications and use
THC and CBD differ considerably in their common applications. THC is widely associated with recreational cannabis use, where psychoactivity is desired, although synthetic THC is also the active ingredient in some prescription medicines.
CBD, conversely, is used in a wide range of products, including cosmetics and wellness goods, partly because of its non-psychoactive profile. CBD products range widely from topical creams to cosmetics, making them accessible to broader consumer groups.
Product availability and forms
Cannabis products sold for their THC content are typically restricted to regions where cannabis use is permitted, often through specialised dispensaries or dedicated outlets. In contrast, CBD products have a broader presence, appearing in items such as cosmetics, topicals, skincare and wellness goods, and are commonly sold both online and in physical retail stores.
The adverse effects of THC
Scientific research into THC has explored its diverse properties across a range of biological systems. However, it remains important to be aware of the potential adverse effects and risks associated with its use.
The side effects of THC can be both psychological and physiological, with their severity varying depending on the individual and the level of exposure to the psychoactive compound.
Scientific studies have explored the potential impact of THC on mental well-being, suggesting that some individuals may experience heightened alertness, unease or anxiety, particularly those with a predisposition to such conditions (e.g., Crippa et al., 2009; Freeman et al., 2015). These responses tend to vary based on individual sensitivity, dosage and environmental factors.
Research also indicates that higher levels of THC may be associated with short-term cognitive effects, including difficulties with memory, attention and motor coordination (Curran et al., 2002; Broyd et al., 2016). At higher doses, altered perception and unusual thoughts or feelings have been reported, and heavy use of high-potency cannabis has been associated with an increased risk of psychotic disorders, with some individuals appearing more susceptible than others (Johnson-Ferguson and Di Forti, 2021).
These observations are based on controlled clinical studies and self-reported data and do not reflect effects experienced by all users.
How THC forms in the plant
Hemp and cannabis do not make THC directly. They make THCA, a non-intoxicating acid. Heat from smoking, vaping, baking or processing removes a carboxyl group and turns THCA into THC (Wang et al., 2016). The prescription medicine dronabinol contains synthetic THC.
At Formula Swiss we extract our Swiss-grown hemp with CO₂ only.
The future of THC
As cannabinoid research develops, our understanding of THC and its various properties grows too. Upcoming trends and developments in the field include a wider range of medicinal uses, a deeper understanding of pharmacogenomic interactions and a progression in legal regulations that could ultimately lead to increased accessibility and acceptance of THC-based treatments.
Ongoing research into THC’s broader properties may uncover new areas of scientific interest, expanding our understanding of its role within cannabinoid studies.
At Formula Swiss we work with hemp, not high-THC cannabis. Our hemp is grown in Switzerland following organic principles, and every production batch is tested for its cannabinoid content before release.
Alongside these discoveries, researchers are examining pharmacogenomic interactions, which involve understanding an individual’s genetic response to THC and adapting treatment accordingly.
These personalised approaches may contribute to future research into individual responses to cannabinoids while minimising unwanted side effects and adverse reactions.
Legal developments in many parts of the world are gradually shifting towards a more accepting stance on THC and its medical potential, with several countries altering their regulations in favour of allowing access to cannabinoid-based treatments.
These advancements provide hope for both patients and researchers alike, as they signal a deeper recognition of the opportunities within cannabinoid science.
Frequently asked questions
What is THC?
THC, scientifically known as tetrahydrocannabinol, is the primary psychoactive compound found in cannabis plants. It interacts with receptors in the brain and nervous system, producing the characteristic euphoric sensation often referred to as the “high”.
What are the side effects of THC?
The side effects associated with THC use can include dry mouth due to reduced saliva production, heightened heart rate, temporary redness in the eyes, impaired short-term memory and concentration, and for some individuals, heightened anxiety or paranoia.
How long does THC stay in your system?
How long THC can be detected depends on how often and how much someone uses, their metabolism and the type of test. In urine, it is usually detectable for one to three days after a single small dose. After heavy, chronic use, urine tests stayed positive for an average of 27 days and in some people up to 77 days (Ellis et al., 1985). Hair tests can detect use for about 90 days.
Is THC addictive?
Yes, THC has addictive potential, especially with frequent and heavy use. It can influence the brain’s reward system, leading to dependence and withdrawal symptoms when use stops. About 9% of people who use cannabis develop dependence at some point (Lopez-Quintero et al., 2011).
Can you overdose on THC?
While a fatal overdose caused solely by cannabis is unlikely, using too much THC can cause severe symptoms such as extreme confusion, anxiety, paranoia, panic, a fast heart rate, hallucinations and severe nausea or vomiting. These effects can lead to unintentional injury, and anyone showing such signs should seek medical help.
What is the difference between THC and CBD?
THC and CBD are both compounds found in cannabis. THC is intoxicating and alters perception and cognition, while CBD is not intoxicating and is widely studied for its properties without inducing a “high”. Read our comparison of the side effects of CBD.
Can THC show up on a drug test?
Yes, THC can be detected in drug screenings for a considerable time after use, in urine, blood, saliva or hair, depending on the timeframe and sensitivity of the test. Our guide to CBD, drug tests and driving explains what this means for CBD products.
This article is for information only and does not describe any product in our shop. Formula Swiss oils are cosmetics for external use. See our full disclaimer.
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Sources
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