Cannabis sativa L. is the plant species that includes both hemp and drug-type cannabis. In everyday use, “sativa” also labels tall, narrow-leaved plants. Genetic studies show that sativa and indica labels only loosely match a plant’s ancestry, so its cannabinoid content has to be measured. Formula Swiss oils are made from Cannabis sativa hemp grown in Switzerland.
Key facts
- Classification
- A flowering plant species in the hemp family (Cannabaceae). It includes hemp and drug-type cannabis.
- Where it occurs
- It originated in Central Asia and is now grown worldwide. Hemp is farmed across Europe for fibre, seed and extracts.
- Legal status
- It depends on the plant’s THC content and national law. Hemp varieties with low THC can be grown legally in the EU under set conditions.
- In Formula Swiss products
- Yes. Our oils are made from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) grown in Switzerland following organic principles, and extracted with CO₂.
This species has long drawn attention for its adaptability, distinct growth characteristics and diverse applications, ranging from agricultural to industrial use.
The hemp in our oils is Cannabis sativa, grown in Switzerland in various varieties following organic principles, indoors, outdoors and in greenhouses. The extract is made by CO₂ extraction.
In this article, I aim to present a detailed yet accessible introduction to Cannabis sativa. Whether you are new to the subject or looking to expand your existing knowledge, the following sections cover its history, structure, chemical profile and current uses.
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Key takeaways
- Cannabis sativa is the single species that includes both hemp and drug-type cannabis; "sativa" is also a label for tall, narrow-leaved plants.
- It was first domesticated in East Asia in the early Neolithic and has been grown for fibre, seed and ritual use ever since.
- Its adaptability allows it to grow in a wide range of climates around the world.
- Sativa and indica labels do not reliably predict THC or CBD content.
Understanding Cannabis sativa
Most botanists treat Cannabis as a single, variable species, Cannabis sativa L.; indica and ruderalis are usually ranked as subspecies or varieties of it (McPartland and Small, 2020).
Genome sequencing of 110 plants from around the world showed that Cannabis sativa was first domesticated in East Asia in the early Neolithic, and that all current hemp and drug cultivars descend from that ancestral gene pool (Ren et al., 2021). It has since spread across the globe thanks to its adaptability to diverse climates and its wide range of uses.
Cannabis sativa is known for its tall growth, slender leaves and long flowering cycle. Historically, it has been used for a variety of purposes, including spiritual practices, textiles and as a source of seed and fibre. Today, it remains a plant of interest for industrial use and cultivation in diverse environmental conditions.
History of Cannabis sativa
The history of Cannabis sativa is as diverse as its uses. Historical records, as reported in the journal iScience, show that Cannabis sativa has been cultivated for thousands of years. In ancient times, it was grown for its fibre, used to make textiles, while its seeds were used as a food source.
In India, cannabis has been part of spiritual practices for thousands of years. It reached Europe in prehistoric times: archaeobotanical finds show human use across Eurasia by the Bronze Age (Long et al., 2017). By the Middle Ages, hemp was a staple European crop for fibre, rope, clothing, paper and sails.
It was also known for its psychoactive effects. In the 19th century, Cannabis sativa reached the Americas, where its psychoactive qualities drew attention. In recent times, its psychoactive nature has led to both increased interest and ongoing debate.
The psychoactive effects of Cannabis sativa are primarily due to a compound called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, not all Cannabis sativa plants contain significant amounts of THC.
Some varieties, often called hemp, have been developed to contain minimal THC and are widely used for industrial purposes, such as fibre, paper and biofuel production.
Despite its long history, Cannabis sativa has been subject to strict controls in many regions due to its psychoactive properties. Perspectives are gradually changing, and some countries have adjusted their approach in light of emerging applications.
Physical characteristics of Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa is an annual plant that typically grows 2 to 4 metres tall outdoors. The plant has an open, branching structure with long, narrow leaves arranged in opposite pairs along the stem. Leaf colouration is usually green but can include purple or bronze tones.
The flowers are small and develop in clusters along the stem. They are known for a pungent aroma and contain varying levels of cannabinoids. The structure of Cannabis sativa is well suited for cultivation in warmer climates where the growing season is extended.
These plants have a longer flowering cycle than other cannabis species, usually requiring 60 to 90 days to flower outdoors. Under controlled indoor settings, this period may be shorter. Cannabis sativa is often recognised for its high yield.
The plant produces numerous buds, which are collected for their cannabinoid content. These buds tend to be less dense but larger and more numerous than those of other species.
Chemical composition of Cannabis sativa
Like all cannabis plants, Cannabis sativa contains a variety of chemical compounds. Among the most recognised are cannabinoids, which interact with the endocannabinoid system.
The most well-known cannabinoid is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), associated with psychoactive effects. Cannabis sativa also contains other cannabinoids, such as CBD (cannabidiol), which does not produce psychoactive effects.
High-THC cannabis can cause anxiety, restlessness and a faster heart rate, and regular use builds tolerance. Long-term heart effects are still being studied; one large cohort found no link between cannabis use and atrial fibrillation.
In addition to cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa contains terpenes. These aromatic compounds are responsible for its distinct scent and are also present in many other plants.
Terpenes help shape the characteristics of different Cannabis sativa varieties. Some are associated with particular scents or aromatic profiles.
The interaction between cannabinoids and terpenes is sometimes referred to as the "entourage effect", a concept describing how multiple compounds might influence each other’s behaviour when present together.
Observations related to Cannabis sativa
Some describe sativa varieties as having a more stimulating profile. No reliable evidence shows that the label predicts effects; these depend mainly on the measured THC and CBD content and on the amount used.
Sativa strains with higher levels of CBD are often selected for different non-intoxicating characteristics. CBD has drawn attention for its potential applications, but current evidence is limited, and any suggestions of benefits remain under evaluation.
Outcomes may depend on multiple elements such as the strain selected, the amount used and individual variability. As such, it is recommended that individuals consult qualified professionals before considering use for any specific concern.
Cannabis sativa vs. Cannabis indica vs. Cannabis ruderalis
Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are the two most widely recognised names within the cannabis genus. They are commonly distinguished by their growth patterns and general user preferences.
Sativa types are often described as more energising in character, while indica varieties are typically viewed as more subdued. These classifications are based on traditional use and anecdotal reports rather than definitive scientific evidence.
| Characteristic | Sativa type | Ruderalis type | Indica type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Drug types from South Asia; hemp first domesticated in East Asia | Wild plants of Central Asia and Russia | Afghanistan and neighbouring Central Asia |
| Plant size | Tall, often 2–4 metres | Short, typically 30–76 cm | Shorter, rarely over 2 metres |
| Leaves | Long, narrow leaflets | Small, light green leaflets | Broad, dark green leaflets |
| Flowering | Longer, triggered by shorter days | Autoflowering, largely independent of day length | Shorter, triggered by shorter days |
| THC and CBD | Not predictable from the label; must be measured | ||
| Typical uses | Fibre, seed and drug cultivars | Breeding for autoflowering | Drug cultivars and breeding |
Commercial "sativa" and "indica" labels only loosely match a plant's ancestry, and strain names often do not reflect real genetic identity (Sawler et al., 2015). The labels track a few aroma genes more than overall chemistry (Watts et al., 2021). Among traditional landraces, South Asian "Sativa" types tend to have a THC-to-CBD ratio of 7 or more and Afghan "Indica" types a lower one (McPartland and Small, 2020). The THC and CBD content of a particular plant still has to be measured.
However, it is important to note that these are broad generalisations. The actual profile of a specific strain can vary considerably. Many available varieties are hybrids, bred from both sativa and indica plants, displaying a combination of characteristics.
Hybrid strains
Hybrid strains are the result of crossbreeding indica and sativa plants. They are selected to express traits from each parent strain and may exhibit a blend of qualities. These hybrids can lean towards either indica or sativa dominance, or fall somewhere in between.
The goal in creating hybrid strains is often to balance characteristics associated with both species. For example, hemp breeders select for low THC and a particular cannabinoid profile, such as higher CBD.
Hybrid strains are also frequently selected in contexts where specific cannabinoid combinations are of interest, particularly where multiple plant traits are desirable.
Cultivation of Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa plants are generally better suited to warmer regions with extended growing seasons. They require abundant light and consistent warmth to thrive. Compared to indica plants, sativa varieties have a longer flowering cycle and often reach significant heights.
Due to their size, sativa plants benefit from spacious environments, making them more compatible with outdoor growing. However, with proper techniques and environmental control, indoor cultivation is also feasible.
Growers must account for specific requirements such as longer daylight exposure, warm and humid conditions and well-drained soil. Meeting these needs can result in a robust yield, particularly when the plants are maintained with appropriate care.
Frequently asked questions
What is Cannabis sativa?
Cannabis sativa is a plant species in the Cannabaceae family. It includes both low-THC hemp, grown for fibre, seed and CBD, and drug-type cannabis grown for THC.
Is hemp Cannabis sativa?
Yes. Hemp and drug-type cannabis belong to the same species. Hemp is bred for low THC; in EU agricultural rules its THC content may not exceed 0.3%. Across the whole genome, hemp is distinct from marijuana (Sawler et al., 2015). See the difference between cannabis, marijuana and hemp.
Is sativa or indica higher in CBD?
The label cannot tell you. Commercial sativa and indica names do not reliably predict THC or CBD content (Sawler et al., 2015; Watts et al., 2021); only a lab measurement can.
Does a sativa label predict effects?
No reliable evidence shows that it does. Effects depend mainly on the measured THC and CBD content and on the amount used.
How long does it take for Cannabis sativa to grow?
The growth duration for Cannabis sativa depends on the specific variety and growing conditions. Generally, it takes around 10 to 16 weeks for the plant to reach maturity.
What are the environmental requirements for growing Cannabis sativa?
Cannabis sativa grows best in a warm environment with daytime temperatures between 21 and 29 °C and well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral soil.
What pests and diseases affect Cannabis sativa?
Cannabis sativa may be affected by pests like spider mites, aphids and fungus gnats. Common plant diseases include powdery mildew and grey mould. Good cultivation and hygiene practices are key to managing these issues.
This article is general information about cannabis science. It makes no claims about the effects of Formula Swiss products, which are sold as cosmetics for use on the skin, and it is not medical advice. Read our full disclaimer.
Last reviewed:
Sources
- Ren G, et al. Large-scale whole-genome resequencing unravels the domestication history of Cannabis sativa. Science Advances 2021. PMID 34272249
- McPartland JM, Small E. A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives. PhytoKeys 2020. PMID 32296283
- Sawler J, et al. The genetic structure of marijuana and hemp. PLoS One 2015. PMID 26308334
- Watts S, et al. Cannabis labelling is associated with genetic variation in terpene synthase genes. Nature Plants 2021. PMID 34650264
- Long T, et al. Cannabis in Eurasia: origin of human use and Bronze Age trans-continental connections. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2017. doi:10.1007/s00334-016-0579-6
- Hussain T, et al. Cannabis sativa research trends, challenges, and new-age perspectives. iScience 2021. PMID 34841230
- European Commission. Hemp. Agriculture and rural development
